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2 Water baths To study CIITA, Cressman and his students make modified versions of the gene. They produce the many copies needed for experiments by inserting the gene into a hardy strain of E. coli that they incubate in hot water baths. The bacteria reproduce rapidly in the comfortable environment, making thousands of copies of the modified gene overnight.

3 Tissue culture hood The researchers insert the modified genes into animal cells that they grow in flasks, manipulating the cells under a sterile hood.